When talking about outsourcing logistics that usually means hiring one of logistics functions providers. Importantly, while logistics functions were separate, they were often performed by different companies that were hired to perform the function, or at least by different departments within the same company. With the increasing integration of individual functions, coordinated planning has become very important. Each logistics function can be called playing a separate musical instrument in a large orchestra. Conducting for the orchestra became more significant than the technical fulfilment of the function of each individual instrument. This is how the term logistics service provider appeared on the market. A logistics service provider meant more than just a transport company with trucks or trains or ships.
Ex. 12‑4 4 levels of logistics integration
Keywords: logistics integration
Ex. 12‑5 Driving forces of 3PL and 4PL
Keywords: global coverage, specialisation, utilisation
Ex. 12‑6 Gradient of 3PL and 4PL scope of the services
Keywords: logistics services, 3rd party logistics, 4th party logistics
Ex. 12‑7 7R’s in logistics
Keywords: time, location, quantity, quality, price, customer, product
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